Sundarbans
Sundarbans is a vast forest in the coastal region of the Bay of Bengal
which is one of the natural wonders of the world. Located in the delta region
of the river Ganges, Meghna and Brahmaputra, Khulna, Satkhira, Bagerhat,
Patuakhali and Barguna districts and two districts of the state of West Bengal
spread across North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas. The Sundarbans is the
largest forested forest in the world as the largest mangrove forest in the
coastal environment.The Sundarbans, which are spread over 10,000 sq km, are
6017 sq km in Bangladesh and the rest is in India. Sundarbans was recognized as
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. The Bangladesh and Indian part of it is in
fact the adjacent part of the same uninterrupted land, but the UNESCO World Heritage
list has been listed in different names; In the name of "Sundarbans"
and "Sundarban National Park" respectively. The Sundarbans are
trapped in the net, with small streams of marine streams, mud shores and
mangrove forests, small-scale archipelago. 31.1 percent of the total forest
area, which is 1,874 sq km, is riverine, inlet and bills, and is a watery area.
Forests, well-known Royal Bengal tiger, besides many species of birds, Chitra
deer, crocodiles and snakes are also known as habitats. According to the
survey, 500 tigers and 30,000 chitra deer are now in the Sunderban area. On 21
May 1992, the Sundarbans were recognized as the place of Ramsar.
Naming:
Sundarbans literally
means beautiful forest or beautiful woodland in Bengal. The Sundarbans may have
been named after Sundarbans, which grow in abundance there. Other possible
explanations may be that it may have been named "Sea Forest" or
"Chandra-Bandhede (Dam)" (Old Indigenous). But it is generally
assumed that Sundarbans have been named from the beautiful trees.
History:
In the Mughal period (1203-1538) a local king took the lease of the
Sundarbans. Those fundamental changes that have been made in historical legal
changes include being recognized as the world's first mangrove forest and under
science-based supervision. The map of the Sundarbans area was prepared in 1757
after getting the rights from the Mughal Emperor Alamgir by the East India
Company. The forest area is under organizational management since the
establishment of forest department in India's then Bengal province in 1860 AD.
At the beginning of the eighteenth
century, the size of the Sundarbans was nearly twice the present. Human
pressure on the forest gradually shrunk its area. In 1828 the British
government acquired the title of Sundarbans. L. T. Hajiz conducted the first
survey of Sundarbans in 1829. In 1878 the entire Sundarbans area was declared
as reserve forest and in 1879, the responsibilities of the entire Sundarbans
were entrusted to forest department. The name of the first divisional forest
officer of the Sundarbans is M. U. Green in 1884, he served as the Divisional
Forest Officer of the Sundarbans. During the partition of India in 1947, 6,017
sq km of the Sundarbans fell into Bangladesh. Which is around 4.2% of
Bangladesh's area and about 44% of the entire forest area.
The legal rights of the first forest
management department were established on Sundarbans in 1869. According to
Forest Act (Section 8) of 1965, a large part of the Sundarbans was declared as
reserved forest in 1875-76. Within the next year, the remaining part is also
recognized for the reserve forest. This resulted in the control of forest
department under the control of the remote civil administration. Later, in
1879, forest department was established as the administrative unit for forest
management, with its headquarters in Khulna. For the Sundarbans, during the
1893-98 period, the first forest management plan was enacted.
The breath-taking fairs in the watershed
of the Sundarbans
In the year 1911, the Sundarbans were
termed as tract am waste land, which was never surveyed and no time has come
under the census. Then the boundary of the Hooghly River is approximately 165
miles (266 km) across the estuary of the Meghna River. At the same time, it has
set the inter boundary between these twenty-three Parganas, Khulna and
Bakerganj districts. The total area of the reservoir, including the
reservoir, is estimated at 6,526 square miles (16,902 km). Watery beautiful
forests are full of tigers and other wild animals. As a result, attempts to
survey could not be very successful. The name Sundarbans has been named
probably by its name as Sundari (Heritiera fomes). The hardwoods found from
this are used to make various items including boats, furniture. The Sundarbans
are divided into rivers, canals, and inlet all over, some of which are used for
the movement of both steamers and local boats, for communication between
Calcutta and Brahmaputra Basin.
Geographic structure:
As one of the three largest mangrove
forests in the whole world, the Sundarbans ecosystem located in the Ganges
basin is just as complex as possible. The larger part of the Sundarbans (2 6%)
of the two neighboring countries, Bangladesh and India, is located on the
south-west side of Bangladesh. Bay of the South; The boundary between the
Balaswar River and the area of higher density of cultivation in the north in
the east. In the higher areas, other water bodies except the main branches of
the river are bamboo and bundled with bumper and humid land. In fact, the size
of the Sundarbans was about 16,700 sq km. (200 years ago). The current volume
has decreased to about one-third of the past. Currently the total land area is
4,143 sq km. (With the volume of 42 km²) and the remaining water stream with
rivers, inlet and canal, 1,874 sq km. Sundarbans rivers mix salt water and
sweet water. Thus, the area between the sweet water of the river coming from
the Ganges, the saltwater of the Bay of Bengal, is the area. It is located in
Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat, Patuakhali, Bangladesh. The Sundarbans is located
in the southwestern region of Bangladesh.
The Sundarbans has been formed by
depositing silt separately from the overflow due to the interstellar flow along
the Bay of Bengal for thousands of years. Its geographical structure is the
delta, which has numerous waterfalls on the surface and ground water and mud
pellets. In addition, the perennial grasslands, sandfire and islands above the
average elevation of the sea level, which are covered in the net like the
canals, underground mud walls, the original algae mud and stored sediments. The
height of the Sundarbans from the sea level is 0.9 meters to 2.11 meters.
Biological components play an important
role in the process of marine matter and animal diversity. The diverse variety
of beaches, estuaries, permanent and transient wetlands, mud ponds, inlet, sand
dunes, and clay stacks have been formed here. The mangrove plant world itself
plays a role in the formation of new land. Again, in the process of
transplantation of water in the interstellar plant world plays an important
role. The presence of mangrove organisms creates zodiacal ecosystem in
interstellar mud ponds. It holds the policy for the production of horizontal
subcutters for seeds. Ananta sandalised organization and the evolutionary
process are controlled by a large number of xerophytic and halophytic trees.
Trail-leaf, grass and hogla stabilize the formation of sand and unorganized
polystars.
Climate change effect:
The formation of the Sundarbans along the
coast is influenced by the multidisciplinary factors, including the flow of
streams, the bustle and aggregate stream cycles and the long coastal streams of
the sea coast. Seawater currents vary considerably in different seasons. They
also vary due to cyclone.
Deterioration and accumulation through
these, although still not able to accurately measure, it creates a dimensional
difference in the nature of the changes. However, the mangrove forest itself
plays a significant role in its stability. During the seasonal rainy season,
the entire Bengal Delta is submerged in water, most of which are submerged in
almost half the year. The underlying sediments of the basin are primarily due
to seasonal rainfall during the monsoon season and events like cyclone. In the
coming years, the biggest problems faced by the people in the Ganges Basin are
the increase in sea level rise.
Due to the change of freshness in
highland areas, freshwater expanses of many of the Indian mangrove wetlands
have significantly reduced since the end of the 19th century. At the same time,
due to neo-tectonic motion, the Bengal Basin has also become a little sloping
in the east, which has resulted in the greater part of fresh water being part
of Bangladesh's Sundarbans.
As a result, Bangladesh's share of
salinity in the Sundarbans is much less than the Indian part. According to a
1990 paper, "There is no evidence that the natural environment of the
Himalayas or the" greenhouse "raises the height of the sea, making
Bangladesh's flood situation alarmy. However, in 2007, in UNESCO's report
titled "Climate Change and World Heritage Lessons," it has been said
that due to other man-made reasons, 45 cm of sea level As the height increases,
more than 75 percent of the Sundarbans may be destroyed due to man-made manifold
(within the 21st century, according to the proposed intergovernmental council
discussion on climate change).
The National Environment Court is also
concerned because the mangrove forests against the marine storms, which are
standing along the Sundarbans as well as the south-south natural wall, are not
enough to save them.
Biosphere:
Two types of biosphere are found in the
Sundarbans: forests of wetlands of wetlands and mangrove forests.
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